Ī 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the Hekatompedon. Plutarch referred to the building during the first century AD as the Hekatompedos Parthenon. In the 4th century BC and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon. The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator Demosthenes. Harpocration wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the " Hekatompedos," not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions. "the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture. He contends that "Athena’s temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title parthénos." The ancient architects Iktinos and Callicrates appear to have called the building Ἑκατόμπεδος ( Hekatómpedos lit. Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. In 5th-century BC accounts of the building, the structure is simply called ὁ νᾱός ( ho naos lit. In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the Erechtheion. It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens ( parthénoi), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city. Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess," referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple. Green claims that the Parthenon was the room where the arrephoroi, a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a peplos that was presented to Athena during Panathenaic Festivals. The lexicon states that this room was the western cella of the Parthenon. There is some debate as to which room that was. The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word parthénos ( παρθένος), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman." The Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek–English Lexicon states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple. Since 1975, numerous large-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to preserve remaining artefacts and ensure its structural integrity. The Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was demolished in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. From 1800 to 1803, the 7th Earl of Elgin took down some of the surviving sculptures, now known as the Elgin Marbles, in an act widely considered, both in its time and subsequently, to constitute vandalism and looting. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon. In the Morean War, a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687 siege of the Acropolis. After the Ottoman conquest in the mid-fifteenth century, it became a mosque. In the final decade of the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. It was completed in 438 work on the decoration continued until 432. Ĭonstruction started in 447 BC when the Delian League was at the peak of its power. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon also served as the city treasury. The Parthenon was built in thanksgiving for the Hellenic victory over Persian Empire invaders during the Greco-Persian Wars. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical Greek art, an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, democracy and Western civilization. The Parthenon ( / ˈ p ɑːr θ ə ˌ n ɒ n, - n ən/ Ancient Greek: Παρθενών, romanized: Parthenōn Greek: Παρθενώνας, romanized: Parthenónas ) is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated to the goddess Athena during the fifth century BC. Partially on Septem(aged partially 2133–2134)
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